Australian Paper Prints Blank Pages To Help Tackle Toilet Paper Shortage

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Australian Paper Prints Blank Pages To Help Tackle Toilet Paper Shortage

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4 Challenges Every Growing SaaS Business Will Face

4 Challenges Every Growing SaaS Business Will Face It’s been eleven years since Till and I founded MeisterLabs and since launching, we’ve come up against our fair share of hurdles.  Fortunately, we’ve weathered each storm and at every plateau discovered new ways to breathe life into the business and our approach to it. The common denominator at each of these crossroads was our choice to invest in growth. I doubt that we’re unique in that sense. In my experience, every new business faces comparable challenges, the solutions to which are, in one way or another, to always continue growing.   Over the past decade, I’ve witnessed the development of multiple versions of myself as an entrepreneur, as well as our company, MeisterLabs, where we developed our first SaaS product,  MindMeister.   So I want to share these moments of evolution and how we weathered them. Maybe our experiences my experiences will help future SaaS entrepreneurs navigate these same transitions more smoothly. Evolution 1: You won’t always be flavor of the month One of the best things about launching a new startup is the free media attention you get. My co-founder and I got the most recognition by far when we first launched â€" innovation awards, people talking about us, etc. We assumed this is how it would always be. The first version of MindMeister  released 2007 on private beta. Eventually, though, everyone who’s going to write about you has already written about you. The press attention slows down and you’re no longer the hot young company of the year. This can be jarring for founders, but it’s not all bad news. The upshot is, once you’re no longer the flavor of the week, it forces you to really start to invest in creativity and attention-grabbing work. You’ve now got a moment to lean in and commit to growth. It’s best if you learn early on that when your hotshot supernova phase begins to fade, growth is a remedy for many of the challenges you’ll face. Evolution 2: Your staff won’t always be a bunch of single 20-somethings There was a time when pretty much everyone at our company was between 22 and 28. Most people were single (if not, well, there weren’t kids around) and we spent our free time together hanging out at pub quizzes and over the weekend. This type of setup has been part of startup mythology since The Social Network â€" a work hard, play hard group of young people creating the next big thing. It can be a fun and productive way to work, but even if your team starts out fitting this startup stereotype, it won’t always be that way. Team members get married and family inevitably takes center stage in their lives. Before you know it, 6 PM Friday drinks in the kitchen become  booking happy hour into your calendar three weeks in advance. You might sometimes miss the early days, but this evolution is both inevitable and good. Your team members are growing and, hopefully, your company is growing with them.   It’s still possible to preserve some of that youthful energy and excitement, however. Ensure that there’s always an influx of new blood by hiring some firecrackers who will re-infuse the company with a fresh dose of excitement and impatience provided it also seems like theyll be good at their job.   For the veteran team members that do stick with you, ten years in a company can create moments where motivation is flat and inertia takes over. Work through these flat periods by giving employees the freedom to build their skills in new parts of the company while developing professionally. These senior team members that know your tools inside and out can be priceless, so you’ll need to work out ways to keep them engaged and on board. Evolution 3: The coast can kill you Sometimes when an entrepreneur has a booming startup, they think they’ll be able to coast, to pull back on effort, take a bit more revenue out of the company, or even buy a vacation home in the Caribbean, if they’ve been particularly successful.  For instance, I was traveling a few months back and talking with other entrepreneurs. One guy had been with a company for seven years. It was so successful that the founder was now nowhere to be seen â€" always jetting off to a new destination. We went in the complete opposite direction. Our original product was successful and growing and we felt as though we had pushed the creativity as far as possible. Instead of bailing, we doubled down and launched another product,  MeisterTask. This second product breathed new life into us as founders, as well as the company as a whole. Developing a new product also inspired us to think about new avenues for our first product, MindMeister. Our second product: task management solution, MeisterTask Here again, even though we had one successful product, growth was the secret sauce that kept MeisterLabs fresh and moving forward. By developing a new project, we not only managed to stay sharp, but we also like to think it kept our top talent engaged.   Evolution 4: Competition exists (and it may speed by you) There are now over 1.5 million tech startups in Europe alone. This inevitably means some entrepreneurs are going to have genius ideas and move at warp speed â€" faster, sometimes, than you. I know some young guys that launched a startup right out of university. Of course, doing this doesn’t always take you where you hope it will, but these guys got it right, and at the right time. The company is growing rapidly and the founder is loving life in the limelight. They went soaring past us in terms of users and revenue a while ago and although the tool isn’t a competitor of ours, once upon a time that would have bothered me. When we first started, I’d see competitors’ sites and start running nightmare scenarios: “These guys have thought of everything we missed! What’s going to happen to our market share?” This can be depressing  if you allow it to be.       But these days, I’m used to competition. It’s a valuable skill to cultivate. And as we say in German â€"  at the end of the day, we all cook with water. The healthiest way to see competition is as an inspiration to improve your own tool. If the common theme running through these four key stages of our company’s evolution isn’t yet obvious, let me say it plainly â€" growth is the solution to many of the obstacles standing in the way of building a successful SaaS company. Startups are like sharks: if they stop moving, they die. That’s why, even after nearly twelve years, my co-founder Till and I have plans in our books and tricks up our sleeves to continue growing our business and providing new ways for teams to improve their productivity. We’ve learned that evolution, while sometimes difficult, is the only way for a company to continue to thrive. If you liked this article, you might also enjoy: Slave to the Ribbon: 4 Tough Questions in Software Design How 7 SaaS Founders Discovered Product Market Fit Beautiful Task ManagementGet Productive Discover MeisterTask Discover MeisterTask

Procrastination Is A Behavior Or An Act Of Delaying...

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION Procrastination is a behavior or an act of delaying starting or performing a task that was supposed or anticipated to be done within a definite time limit. It is a phenomenon that has been extensively researched upon especially in academic settings. Several studies have explored its causes, form and effects. Findings have suggested how it is detrimental to academic achievement, long term health, financial standing, well-being, etc. (Sepehrian Lotf, 2011; Tice Baumeister, 1997; McCown Johnson 1989; Steel, 2007). Despite the unfavorable connotations attached to it, the practice of this phenomenon has not subsided over the years. Researches have indicated that a large number of students are involved in procrastination (Harriot Ferrari, 1996). The number has been approximated at 95% in some studies (Ellis Knaus, 1977; Steel, 2007, Tan, Ang, Klassen, Yeo, Wong, Huan, Chong, 2008). The phenomenon is not limited to one nation or state, actually it is widely practiced in many cultures or countries across the globe (McCown Roberts, 1994; Solomon Rothblum, 1984; Uzun Ozer, Demir, Ferrari, 2009; Bhutto, Mohsin Niazi, 2011). The high prevalence and perplexing nature of the cause of this behavior compels one to study it in detail and through various dimensions. The scientific inquires have investigated procrastination through many lenses. A significant shift towards studying the differences among the types of procrastinators was witnessed afterShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Procrastination2021 Words   |  9 Pagessomething super important because you wanted to have fun on a Friday night? Convincing yourself â€Å"Oh, I’ll just get it done tomorrow?† This action of putting off a task until the next day or a later time is called procrastination. Someone displaying procrastination would either be delaying their work for another job that they consider more important or distracting themselves with an activity that is more interesting. Many people believe that only disorganized or lazy people acquire or pick up thisRead MoreProcrastination Causes Lower Grades, Stress, Self Esteem, And Health Problems Essay2136 Words   |  9 PagesProcrastination Procrastination; one of the biggest enemies of collage students. Have you ever told your self â€Å"I will do it tomorrow, I still have time left† and then find yourself working on the paper the night before its due, stressing yourself out and wishing you could have done it with time? This is problem that the vast majority of collage student face. What collages students are not aware yet is that procrastination causes lower grades, stress, self-esteem, and health problems. In 2007, estimatesRead MoreRational Emotive Behaviour Therapy - Essay9996 Words   |  40 Pagesenjoyment – the seeking of immediate pleasure or avoidance of pain at the cost of long-term stress – for example alcohol, drug and food abuse; watching television rather than exercising; practising unsafe sex; or overspending to feel better. †¢ Procrastination – putting off difficult tasks or unpleasant situations. †¢ Negativity and complaining – becoming distressed over smal l hindrances and setbacks, overconcerned with unfairness, and prone to making comparisons between one’s own and others’ circumstancesRead MoreThe Effects of an Aor (Action-Observation-Reflection) Based Supplier Monitoring Program on the Quality of Strategic Supplier Performance.28748 Words   |  115 PagesEffective customer-supplier relationships may be carried out by balancing cooperation and respective independence (Chin et al 2006). To this end, supplier monitoring must be conducted on the basis of two key criteria. In the first place assessment must act as a measurement for continuous performance enhancement (Chin et al 2006). Secondly, the latter must be managed as a progressive approach in order to maintain a long-term business rapport (Chin et al 2006). Therefore supplier assessment must ideallyRead MoreChange Management49917 Words   |  200 Pagesdescriptions, rules and procedures for employees to follow. The people who are hired into an organization are chosen for fit; they are then shaped and directed to behave in certain ways. When an organization is confronted with change, this structural inertia acts as a counter balance to sustain stability. Group think is a pattern of faulty decision making that occurs in cohensive groups when members discount negative information in order to arrive at a unanimous agreement. Escalation of commitment worsensRead MoreCoaching Salespeople Into Sales Champions110684 Words   |  443 Pagespublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978)750-8400, fax (978) 6468600, or on theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strateg y, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesmhhe.com About the Authors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon State University. He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadership. His research and consulting activities focus on project management. He has published numerous articles on matrix management, product development, and project partnering. He has been honored with teaching awards from both the OregonRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesmay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to

Biblical Inspiration Of Romeo And Juliet - 1491 Words

Biblical Inspiration This course begins with the following challenge. Take a few minutes to think about it and then prepare a one or two sentence response. Develop a logical defense against the charge: â€Å"If you could produce the original autographs of each book of the Old and New Testaments, then you could prove whether they were inspired or not. Otherwise, it is impossible.† We can assume from the statement that: 1) The one making it does not believe that the Bible is an inspired work, and 2) He knows that the original autographs have never been discovered. Thus he has attempted to box you into a no-win position. To that we can say, â€Å"You win.† You win if your objective is to get us to admit that we cannot prove to you that the Bible is†¦show more content†¦At a foundational level, it is the prayerful objective of this course that by logic and by divine revelation, you might be able to see by faith that the Scriptures are indeed the inspired word and words of God. If this does not happen, then the assimilation of knowledge concerning this subject matter will be nothing more than an academic exercise. Share some of the answers from the opening exercise. Literary Foundations of the Bible There are ancient manuscripts of Scripture (or portions thereof) that date very close to the original autographs – some as close as twenty five years. Other ancient writings which we take at face value have manuscripts, the earliest of which date much further from the original than do Bible manuscripts to their original: Homer’s Iliad – 500 years, Pliny’s History – 750 years, and Julius Caesar’s Gallic Wars – 1000 years. There are also incredibly more ancient manuscripts of Scripture than for any other ancient writing. Have you ever wondered why only the Scriptures are consistently questioned concerning their veracity? As more and more ancient manuscripts have been discovered, they have not revealed any significant error in the later manuscripts. The original manuscripts were written over a period of time from approximately 1500 B.C. until A.D. 100, or 1600 years. Some of the earliest copies and translations available to us include:Show MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet Literary Analysis1388 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story, while others may think the play was written as a warning to Queen Elizabeth (Bearman). One can understand William Shakespeare’s ideas for his plays by exploring his influences for Romeo and Juliet, MacBeth, and Hamlet. Shakespeare wrote many plays, one of his more famous one being Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare used many sources to create his famous play Romeo and Juliet, one source being a poem named titled Romeus and Juliet (Weller). RomeusRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 Pagesplaywright, actor and dramatist, William Shakespeare is one of the most influential and greatest writers up to this day in poetry and the English language. Known, for his many acclaimed works such as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. Shakespeare influenced ranges from literature, theater, films and even the English language. EspeciallyRead MoreMelvilles Character Analysis1205 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance authors find their way into Melville’s body of works. William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet plays a strong role in the character development seen in Pierre: Pierre, like Romeo, acts rather zealously. The circumstances surrounding the killing of Glen Stanly strongly resemble Romeo’s murder of Tybalt. Melville foreshadows these parallels early in the book when Pierre’s mother calls him â€Å"a Romeo,† which he finds preposterous (Bell 744). In addition to Shakespeare, Herman Melville imbedsRead MoreEssays on Vehicular Pollution3726 Words   |  15 PagesNationalism The natural consequence of dwelling on creative folk genius was a good deal of nationalism. French Romantic painting is full of themes relating to the tumultuous political events of the period and later Romantic music often draws its inspiration from national folk musics. Goethe deliberately places German folkloric themes and images on a par with Classical ones in Faust. Medievalism The Gothic novel embraced the Medieval (Gothic) culture so disdained by the early 18th century. WhereasRead MoreEssays on Vehicular Pollution3733 Words   |  15 PagesNationalism The natural consequence of dwelling on creative folk genius was a good deal of nationalism. French Romantic painting is full of themes relating to the tumultuous political events of the period and later Romantic music often draws its inspiration from national folk musics. Goethe deliberately places German folkloric themes and images on a par with Classical ones in Faust. Medievalism The Gothic novel embraced the Medieval (Gothic) culture so disdained by the early 18th century. WhereasRead More William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay5388 Words   |  22 Pagescreativity. In later years Faulkner frequently acknowledged Shakespeare as a major inspiration and influence, once noting, â€Å"I have a one-volume Shakespeare that I have just about worn out carrying around with me† (FIU 67). Faulkner’s recorded interviews and conversations contain references to a number of Shakespeares works and characters, including Hamlet, Macbeth, Henry IV, Henry V, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Romeo and Juliet, the sonnets, Falstaff, Prince Hal, Lady Macbeth, Bottom, Ophelia, and MercutioRead MoreElizabethan Era11072 Words   |  45 Pagesin the English tongue, and was thus a herald of the most characteristic feature of Elizabethan literature. A rudimentary form of drama had long been current in England. The medieval miracle plays, which were for the most part oral p resentations of biblical stories, had yielded in course of time to moralities, in which personifications of vices and virtues illustrated in action the unending struggles of good and evil for the dominion of mans soul. In the early sixteenth century the moralities had been

Ethical Disaster of the Hyatt Regency Collapse Free Essays

Eric Sandler Ethical Disaster of the Hyatt Regency Collapse Construction on the 40-story Hyat Regency Crown Center began in 1978, and the hotel opened on July 1, 1980, after construction delays including an incident on October 14, 1979, when 2,700 square feet of the atrium roof collapsed because one of the roof connections on the north end of the atrium failed. The collapse was the second major structural failure in Kansas City in a little more than two years. On June 4, 1979, the roof of the then-empty Kempar Arena in Kansas City had collapsed without loss of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Disaster of the Hyatt Regency Collapse or any similar topic only for you Order Now The architects and engineering firms at the two collapses were different. One of the defining features of the hotel was its lobby, which featured a multistory atrium crossed by suspended concrete walkways on the second, third and fourth levels, with the fourth level walkway directly above the second level walkway. On July 17, 1981, approximately 2,000 people had gathered in the atrium to participate in and watch a dance contest. Dozens stood on the walkways. At 7:05 PM, the walkways on the second, third and fourth floor were packed with visitors as they watched over the active lobby, which was also full of people. The fourth floor bridge was suspended directly over the second floor bridge, with the third floor walkway set off to the side several meters away from the other two. Construction difficulties led to a flawed design change that doubled the load on the connection between the fourth floor walkway support beams and the tie rods carrying the weight of both walkways. This new design could barely handle the dead load weight of the structure itself, much less the weight of the spectators standing on it. The connection failed and both walkways crashed one on top of the other and then into the lobby below, killing 114 people and injuring more than 200 others. The rescue operation lasted well into the next morning and was carried out by an army of emergency personnel, including 34 fire trucks, and paramedics and doctors from five area hospitals. Dr. Joseph Waeckerle directed the rescue effort setting up a makeshift morgue in the ruined lobby and turning the hotel’s taxi ring into a triage center, helping to organize the wounded by highest need for medical care. Those who could walk were instructed to leave the hotel to simplify the rescue effort, the fatally injured were told they were going to die and given morphine. Workmen from a local construction company were also hired by the city fire department, bringing with them cranes, bulldozers, jackhammers and concrete-cutting power saws. The biggest challenge to the rescue operation came when falling debris severed the hotel’s water pipes, flooding the lobby and putting trapped survivors at great risk of drowning. As the pipes were connected to water tanks, as opposed to a public source, the flow could not be shut off. Eventually, Kansas City’s fire chief realized that the hotel’s front doors were trapping the water in the lobby. On his orders, a bulldozer was sent in to rip out the doors, which allowed the water to pour out of the lobby and thus eliminated the danger to survivors. In all twelve lives were rescued from the rubble. The two walkways were suspended from a set of steel tie rods, with the second floor walkway hanging directly underneath the fourth floor walkway. The walkway platform was supported on 3 cross-beams suspended by steel rods retained by nuts. The cross-beams were box beams made from C-channels welded toe-to-toe. The original design by Jack D. Gillum and Associates called for three pairs of rods running from the second floor all the way to the ceiling. Investigators eventually determined that the new design supported only 60 percent of the minimum load required by Kansas City building codes. Havens Steel Company, the contractor responsible for manufacturing the rods, objected to the original plan of Jack D. Gillum and Associates, since it required the whole of the rod below the fourth floor to be threaded in order to screw on the nuts to hold the fourth floor walkway in place. These threads would probably have been damaged beyond use as the structure for the fourth floor was hoisted into position. Havens therefore proposed an alternate plan in which two separate sets of tie rods would be used. One connecting the fourth floor walkway to the ceiling, and the other connecting the second floor walkway to the fourth floor walkway. This design change would prove fatal. In the original design, the beams of the fourth floor walkway had to support only the weight of the fourth floor walkway itself, with the weight of the second floor walkway supported completely by the rods. In the revised design, however, the fourth floor beams were required to support both the fourth floor walkway and the second floor walkway hanging from it. With the load on the fourth-floor beams doubled, Havens’ proposed design could bear only 30 percent of the mandated minimum load (60 percent in the original design). The serious flaws of the revised design were further compounded by the fact that both designs placed the bolts directly in a welded joint between two facing C-channels, the weakest structural point in the box beams. Photographs of the wreckage show excessive deformations of the cross-section. In the failure the box beams split at the weld and the nut supporting them slipped through. Since the construction process includes the work and ideas of many different people, the process can become unclear, especially when meeting deadlines and budget requirements. Such a fast-paced environment stems from the concept that â€Å"time is money. † This concept constantly drives the construction industry to seek quicker methods to transfer ideas from paper to structures of concrete and steel. It has become common practice in the construction industry to begin the actual construction of a building prior to the design work being completed. The Hyatt Regency Hotel was built on this fast-track type of schedule. The main reason for the walkway collapse was not a failure of materials. It was a communication failure. In the case of the Hyatt Regency Hotel, the structural engineer sent a sketch of the proposed walkway connections to the steel fabricator. The structural engineer had assumed that the fabricator understood that he was to design the connections himself. Since the structural drawings did not state that the walkway connections were only a preliminary sketch, the steel fabricator assumed that the sketch was a finalized drawing. The fabricator simply copied the engineer’s preliminary sketch of the walkway connection to serve as the shop drawings. The development of the design was then completed. The materials selected for the fabrication were standard strength, size, and grade of material, rather than what should have been used to compensate for the added stress of the altered design. Such neglections can have grave results. The most glaring mistake in this entire chain of events was that the structural engineer did not review the final design. This is an example of deontological ethics because the engineer failed to perform his job to his full potential. As can be seen from the evidence, the real failure that caused the collapse of the Hyatt Regency walkways was actually a failure of communication in the design phase of the project. As a result of the disaster, the two engineers from G. C. E. International lost their professional engineering licenses in the state of Missouri. These engineers were Jack D. Gillum, the engineer of record, and Daniel M. Duncan, the project engineer. The engineer is ultimately responsible for checking the safety of final designs as depicted in shop drawings. When we take the implicit social contract between engineers and society, the issue of public risk and informed consent, and codes of ethics of professional societies into account, it seems clear that the engineer must assume this responsibility when any change in design involving public safety carries a licensed engineer’s seal. Yet, if it is assumed that the engineer in the Hyatt case received the fabricator’s telephone call requesting a verbal approval of the design change for simplifying assembly, some possible reasons that would make him approve such change are saving money and time, following his immediate supervisor’s orders, looking good professionally by simplifying the design, misunderstanding the consequences of his actions, or any combination of the reasons. These reasons do not, however, fall within acceptable standards of engineering professional conduct. Instead, they pave the way for legitimate charges of negligence, incompetence, misconduct and unprofessional conduct in the practice of engineering. When the engineer’s actions are compared to professional responsibilities cited in the engineering codes of ethics, an abrogation of professional responsibilities by the engineer in charge is clearly demonstrated. The Missouri Board of Architects, Professional Engineers, and Land Surveyors convicted the engineers employed by Jack D. Gillum and Associates who had signed off on the final drawings of gross negligence, misconduct and unprofessional conduct in the practice of engineering. They all lost their engineering licenses in the states of Missouri and Texas and their membership to ASCE. While Jack D. Gillum and Associates itself was cleared of criminal negligence, it was stripped of its license to be an engineering firm. At least $140 million was awarded to victims and their families in both judgments and settlements in civil lawsuits. A large amount of this money came from Crown Center Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hallmark Cards which was the owner of the actual hotel franchise. Life and health insurance companies probably absorbed even larger uncompensated losses in policy payouts. A lot was learned from this disaster. As a result of the fatal miscommunication, the American Society of Civil Engineers has now set the precedent that responsibility lies with the engineer’s seal. That is, that whoever places their seal of approval upon a set of plans carries the responsibility for the building and the outcome. It is now also required that all load bearing calculations must be checked by a city appointed engineer and that checks be formal. As an industry, it is important for all responsible parties such as the architects, engineers, fabricators, and whoever else is involved, to understand the challenge learned as a result of this fatality. Design presents the industry with a challenge to anticipate any failed detail and to correct it within the design process. How to cite Ethical Disaster of the Hyatt Regency Collapse, Essay examples

Treatment of Results Essay Example

Treatment of Results Essay Part 1 Obtaining a calibration plot Salicylic Acid Solution /cm3 We will write a custom essay sample on Treatment of Results specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Treatment of Results specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Treatment of Results specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Concentration /mol.dm-3 Absorbance A 0.0 0.000 0.002 B 0.5 0.048 0.301 C 1.0 0.096 0.487 D 1.5 0.144 0.715 E 2.0 0.192 0.923 F 2.5 0.240 1.184 To calculate the above concentrations, it is required to use the volumes of salicylic acid as shown above, using the formula below: Concentration = weight of tablet specified on container x volume of salicylic acid solution volume of total solution total volume of standard solution Therefore the concentration for 0.5cm3 salicylic acid solution is: = 300 x 0.5 250 12.5 = 0.048 mol.dm-3 These steps are repeated to calculate the other concentrations, each time changing the volume of salicylic acid solution used. Calculating the least squares regression line xi yi xi-x (xi-x)2 yi-y (yi-y)2 (xi-x)(yi-y) 1 0.000 0.002 -0.12 0.0144 -0.60 0.3600 0.0720 2 0.048 0.301 -0.072 0.0052 -0.55 0.3069 0.0399 3 0.096 0.487 -0.024 0.0006 -0.12 0.0132 0.0028 4 0.144 0.715 0.024 0.0006 0.11 0.0128 0.0027 5 0.192 0.923 0.072 0.0052 0.32 0.1030 0.0231 6 0.240 1.184 0.12 0.0144 0.58 0.3387 0.0698 0.72 3.612 0 0.0403 -0.25 1.1347 0.2103 x = 0.72 = 0.12 6 y = 3.612 = 0.602 6 The equation for the least squares regression is in the algebraic form: y = a + bx where a is the intercept of the line on the y-axis and b is the slope of the line. [1] [2] b = 0.2103 = 5.2184 0.0403 a = 0.602 (5.2184 x 0.12) = -0.0242 Therefore the equation for the least squares regression line is: y = 5.2184x 0.0242 Part 2 Interference Studies Concentration /mol.dm-3 Absorbance Acetylsalicylate 0.0261 0.154 Salicylamide 0.2204 1.081 Caffeine -0.0056 0.004 Acetaminophen -0.0058 0.002 The table above shows the results obtained for this part of the investigation. It can be seen that caffeine and acetaminophen have a much lower concentration than acetylsalicylate and salicylamide which suggests that these two compounds are not present in the aspirin. However, with previous knowledge, we know that acetylsalicylate and salicylamide are present in aspirin, which explains a higher concentration than the other two compounds. Part 3 Optimisation of the conditions for the hydrolysis of acetylsalicylate Time /sec Concentration /mol.dm-3 30 0.2075 130 0.2125 230 0.4511 330 0.3535 430 0.1922 530 0.2068 630 0.2142 730 0.2045 830 0.2178 930 0.2285 The results obtained above shows the reaction time for the amount of salicylate formed for ten minutes. Referring to the graph, it can be seen that there is a relatively linear relationship which suggests that the reaction may have completed by the time the absorbances were measured. The first reading was taken at 30 seconds and every minute thereafter. Another reason for the linear relationship could also be that the reaction taking place is very fast and we were unable to measure the absorbances at the initial rate. Part 4 The assay of the aspirin content of a tablet Concentration /mol.dm-3 Absorbance 1 0.1581 0.784 2 0.1342 0.670 3 0.1603 0.795 Calculating the w/w% aspirin in the tablet Weight of aspirin = highest concentration of salicylic acid solution x dilution factor x total volume of solution (dm-3) Dilution factor = total volume . volume of salicylic acid solution used Therefore: Weight of aspirin = 0.2400 x 12.5 x 250 2.5 1000 = 0.3g Therefore w% of aspirin = weight of aspirin x 100 weight of tablet = 0.3 . x 100 0.3352 = 89.4% Calculating the 95% confidence interval [1] where à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is the true mean, x is the measured mean, s is the measured standard deviation, n is the number of measurements and t is the value from the Students t table xi xi-x (xi-x)2 1 0.1581 0.0072 0.00005184 2 0.1342 -0.0167 0.00027889 3 0.1603 0.0094 0.00008836 0.4526 0 0.00041909 x = 0.4526 = 0.1509 3 s = ?(xi-x)2 = 0.00041909 = 0.0145 n 1 2 t = 4.303 n = 3 Therefore: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 0.1509 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (4.303 x 0.0145) V3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = 0.1509 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.0360g From this we can now compare the result for the weight of aspirin with the amount specified on the container. The amount specified on the container is 0.3g. However, the result for the weight of aspirin that we obtained is also 0.3g. This suggests we were able to collect all the aspirin that is found in the tablet. Discussion Although there are many parts to carrying out the assay, there are main points that should be considered whilst implementing the procedure. 1 Ensure that all the compounds that required weighing are transferred to the beaker without any spillage. Ensure that no powder or solution is lost during the experiment as this can affect the final result of the purity of aspirin in the tablet. 2 Due to the problem of measuring the absorbance of the required solutions, ensure to minimise the delay of measuring the absorbances of the solutions and to avoid keeping samples in direct sunlight, as this can affect the absorbance of the solution. Limitations General limitations that may have occurred during the experiment could be: 1 Human errors not transferring all the powdered tablet to the beaker. Although we received a high value for the w/w% aspirin in the tablet, some powdered tablet may have been lost whilst transference. 2 Not measuring the absorbances of the solution as quickly as possible. Sunlight could have affected the variation of results we had obtained. 3 Not withdrawing aliquots of solution at regular intervals. This served to be a major problem for part 3 of the investigation as we were unable to collect results for the initial rate of the reaction. The graph shows that the reaction had completed by the first minute of the reaction had ended.